BEACH LOSS, SEAWALL CONSTRUCTION, AND LAND-USE PATTERNS AT ODDS WITH COASTAL ZONE POLICY EAST OʻAHU, HAWAIʻI

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1 BEACH LOSS, SEAWALL CONSTRUCTION, AND LAND-USE PATTERNS AT ODDS WITH COASTAL ZONE POLICY EAST OʻAHU, HAWAIʻI A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE UNDERGRADUATE DIVISION IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE MAY 2017 By ALISHA SUMMERS Thesis Advisor DR. CHARLES FLETCHER

2 For my parents, sister, dog, and friends. Thank you so much for all your guidance and support throughout this journey. iii

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was made possible by the support and encouragement of my family, friends, and colleagues. I would like to particularly acknowledge Dr. Charles Fletcher for advising me throughout this process. Having the opportunity to do research with him has been an honorable and instructive experience. I would also like to thank my other colleagues in the Hawaiʻi Coastal Geology Group. Matt Barbee taught me how to use the PCI Geomatica software to map shoreline positions. Tiffany Anderson helped me calculate shoreline change rates and uncertainty values. Kristian McDonald mapped shoreline positions and completed the data analysis for the Hauʻula shoreline area so that I could include this information into my results. This project would not have been possible without their help, expertise, and guidance. To Shellie Habel, Haunani Kane, and Kammie Dominique Tavares, thank you for all the advice, support, and friendship you have given me throughout my time with the Hawaiʻi Coastal Geology Group. Special thanks to my professor Sara Bolduc, who assisted me throughout the researching and writing process of my paper. To the following Coastal Planners: Tara Owens, Brad Romine, Dolan Eversole, Jim Buika, Thorne Abbot, and Michael Summers, thank you for allowing me to interview you in order to gain a better perspective of policies governing Hawaiʻi s coast. In addition, I would like to thank the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program for providing the funding necessary to complete this project. Lastly, I would like to thank my family, friends, GES ohana, Michael Guidry, Kristin Momohara, and Catalpa Kong who have made my undergraduate career a rewarding, unique and enriching experience. You all are inspirational and I am forever grateful. iv

4 ABSTRACT Protecting and preserving beaches is critically important to the economy, ecosystem, culture, and lifestyle of the Hawaiian Islands. However, within the last century, beaches on Oʻahu have narrowed and are increasingly vanishing altogether. In response to federal incentives, a desire to better manage population growth and development along the shoreline, a need to protest coastal resources, and locally significant erosion problems, the State of Hawaiʻi enacted a Coastal Zone Management (CZM) program in 1977 as part of the policy framework created under the U.S. Congress Coastal Zone Management Act of Under the Hawaii Costal Zone Management program (HCZMP), the State has delegated the authority to regulate shorelines to the Counties. Over the intervening decades, the four counties have adopted different types of construction setback laws: Maui and Kauaʻi have erosion rate-based setbacks, and Hawaiʻi and the City & County of Honolulu (C&C) use a fixed distance of feet depending on specific parcel conditions. The stated purpose of C&C setback policy is primarily for preservation and protection of the natural shoreline, public access, and open space. Maintaining wide healthy beaches are critical to achieving all three of these goals. Despite this, across O ahu, structures continue to be built close to the shoreline, seawalls continue to be constructed, and beaches continue to disappear. We present data from the east-facing shores of Oʻahu between 1928 to 2015 that document changing shoreline positions and beach widths concurrent with expanding coastal development that is at odds with the goals of presiding coastal policy. Over the study timeframe of 1928 to 2015 seawall and revetment construction increased by 54%, concurrent to net shoreline change shifting from quasi-stable to erosional along 74% of the coast. Before the enactment of CZM policy in 1975, the shoreline was quasi-stable with headland regions eroding at an average change rate of ± 0.09 m/yr and embayed regions v

5 accreting at an average rate of 0.14 ± 0.05 m/yr. Following 1975, the average headland and embayed region shoreline change rate became erosional at ± 0.06 m/yr and ± 0.09 m/yr, respectively. We reveal that historical seawall and revetment construction to protect eroding lands has caused a narrowing and loss of beach from 1928 to 2015 even while both the Hawai i CZM program and C&C policy have been in force with laws specifically designed to protect the coastline, ensure open space, and enhance public access. vi